1. Policy
It is the policy of Dorian LPG Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, “Dorian” or the “Company”) to observe the highest standards of ethical conduct and to comply fully with all applicable laws and regulations, including anti-bribery legislation such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and the UK Bribery Act 2010 (“BA”), in every jurisdiction in which Dorian does business. In addition to the FCPA and the BA, virtually every country in which Dorian conducts business has anti-bribery and corruption (“ABC”) laws that apply to dealings with its officials, and a number of other countries now have laws that apply, like the FCPA and the BA, to foreign bribery of government officials. There are also laws prohibiting commercial bribery. All laws relating to anti-bribery and corruption may be referred to collectively as “ABC Laws”.
As contemplated by the Company’s Code of Ethics, Company business should be awarded solely on the basis of price, quality, service and suitability to the Company’s needs. Consequently, the Company prohibits any bribery or corruption in the conduct of its business. This Policy contains information intended to reduce the risk of corruption and bribery from occurring in the Company's activities. The purposes of this Policy are to identify the basic requirements and restrictions that such anti-bribery legislation imposes on the Company and to memorialize the Company’s commitment to adhere faithfully to both the letter and spirit of anti-bribery and corruption legislation in the conduct of its business activities worldwide.
2. Scope
This Policy applies to all Employees and Third Parties (as hereafter defined) performing duties for or on behalf of Dorian whether or not directly employed by Dorian and wherever located.
- “Employees” mean officers, directors, representatives and all other workers performing duties on behalf of Dorian, whether or not employed directly by
- “Third Parties” mean agents, brokers, partners, consultants, contractors, joint venture partners and other representatives while performing services for the benefit of Dorian, whether individuals or
Compliance with ABC legislation is an ongoing responsibility of each individual Employee and Third Party. No Employee of Dorian or Third Party shall have authority from the Company to engage in conduct or activities that do not agree with this Policy, or to authorize, direct, approve, or condone such conduct by any other Employee or Third Party. Thus, it is imperative to ensure the Company’s compliance with the ABC Laws, that all Dorian Employees and Third Parties (i) understand what anti- bribery and corruption legislation mandates and forbids and (ii) perform their duties according to the requirements set out in this Policy. Company Employees who violate this Policy are subject to disciplinary action, up to and including dismissal. Third Parties who violate this Policy may be subject to termination of all commercial relationships with the Company.
3. Requirements
3.1 Anti-Bribery and Corruption
3.1.1 Definitions:
“Corruption” is the abuse of public or private office for personal gain.
“Bribery” is an inducement or reward of anything of value offered, promised or provided in order to gain any commercial, contractual, regulatory or personal advantage through “improper performance”. The bribe may be requested or accepted as a reward for or as an inducement to act or perform improperly in relation to the conducting business with Dorian or the Third Party.
“Improper performance” happens when a person fails to act (1) in good faith, (2) impartially or (3) in accordance with a position of trust.
3.1.2 Implications of the ABC Laws
Anti-bribery legislation makes it a crime for any Dorian Employee or Third Party to offer, pay or accept a “Bribe.” T here is no minimum monetary threshold that defines a Bribe; for purposes of this Policy, a “Bribe” shall include both monetary and non-monetary payments such as gifts, stock interests, contractual rights, real estate, debt forgiveness, personal property, product or service discounts, loans, meals, entertainment, travel expenditures, political and charitable contributions, and other interests arising from business relationships.
There is no need for the Bribe to be accepted or, if accepted, to successfully achieve its intended purpose for the Bribe to be viewed as a violation of law; the offering of the Bribe is enough to constitute a criminal offence.
3.1.3 Special Requirements when Dealing with Public Officials
“Public Official” includes any:
- official, employee or agent of a government, department or agency;
- official, employee or agent of a government-owned or controlled entity, business, or instrumentality (such as a doctor in a state-controlled hospital);
- political party official;
- candidate for political office;
- employee or agent of a public international organization (such as the Red Cross, United Nations, or World Bank);
- anyone acting on behalf of any of these officials; or
- an individual holding a legislative, administrative or judicial
Greater care must be taken in dealings with both high-level and low-level Public Officials in any country. In many countries, it is common for governments to own or operate business enterprises, either in whole or in partnership with a private entity. ABC Laws and legislation do not prohibit legitimate business dealings with Public Officials; however, such relationships must be formed, maintained, and monitored with particular attention to this Policy.
Under no circumstances shall an Employee of Dorian or a Third Party offer, promise, authorize, or make an improper payment to, or otherwise confer any illicit benefit upon, a Public Official in any country, directly or indirectly, to secure an improper advantage, obtain, retain, or direct business to anyone. Also prohibited are payments by Company Employees to Third Parties where the Company Employee knows, or has reason to know, that the Third Party will use any part of the payment for Bribes. Moreover, Dorian Employees and Third Parties are duty-bound to adhere to ethical business practices that exceed the legal requirements of anti-bribery legislation by exercising prudent judgment and caution at all times to refrain from making any payments or otherwise conferring any benefits on any Public Official that potentially could create even an appearance of impropriety.
3.2 Accounting Provisions
ABC Laws and legislation contain strict accounting provisions that are divided into two separate, but related, requirements: (1) accounting books and recordkeeping provisions, and (2) internal accounting control provisions.
3.2.1 Books and Recordkeeping
Dorian is required to keep books, records and accounts, which, in “reasonable detail” accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of Company assets. The books and records requirements apply to all Company transactions. Under no circumstances shall a Dorian Employee or Third Party knowingly or with intent falsely or inaccurately record on the Company’s books and records any transaction of Dorian funds or assets, or permit or condone any other Employee or Third Party to do so.
3.2.2 Internal Controls
Dorian is also required to maintain an effective system of internal accounting controls that is capable of detecting and preventing improper payments to Public Officials or others. Specifically, the Company’s internal controls must provide reasonable assurances that:
- transactions are executed in accordance with the management’s general or specific authorization;
- transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and to maintain accountability for assets;
- access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s authorization; and the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any
Dorian Employees are required to comply with all Company policies and internal control procedures governing the disposition or recording of Company funds and assets.
3.3 Neither Willful Blindness nor “Ignorance of the Law” is an Excuse
Under ABC Laws and legislation, “knowledge” is not limited to actual knowledge of a particular fact, circumstance or event. Rather, a person is deemed to “know” about an improper payment or other violation of anti-bribery legislation if he or she is merely aware of a probability of its existence. In other words, even if you do not actually “know” about activities that violate the ABC Laws and legislation, such knowledge nonetheless may be imputed to you and the Company if you take steps to deliberately
insulate yourself from, or consciously disregard, suspicious actions or circumstances (i.e., “red flags”). In short, willful blindness (e.g., hiding your “head in the sand,” saying “that’s not my responsibility” or “this is just business as usual and everyone else is doing it”) is no defense to an accusation of bribery or corruption. Indeed, such conscious disregard of suspicious activity that merits further inquiry and scrutiny may result in the imposition of criminal and/or civil liability on both the Company and individual Employees, including you. Accordingly, willful blindness under such circumstances is strictly forbidden by this Policy.
3.4 Enforcement and Penalties
ABC Laws and legislation, including in particular the FCPA and the BA, provide for both criminal and civil enforcement by the Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission, among others, against the Company and individual Employees. In no event will the Company indemnify or pay criminal penalties imposed on Company Employees.
For example:
The FCPA authorizes the imposition of severe criminal sanctions. A violation of the FCPA could expose Dorian to up to $2 million in criminal fines, and up to $25 million in penalties for “willful” violations. Individuals may be imprisoned and are subject to fines of up to $100,000 per violation, and up to $5 million for “willful” violations. Fines can in some cases exceed these amounts if the benefit received by the Company was larger than the maximum fine.
The government may also suspend or revoke the Company’s privileges to conduct business with government agencies.
Employees of Dorian may be exposed to individual civil liability for losses incurred by the Company for FCPA violations. The Company cannot and will not indemnify or pay criminal penalties imposed on C ompany Employees.
Breaches of the BA also carry severe penalties. A Dorian Employee could be imprisoned for up to ten years, disqualified from acting as a director and face significant monetary fines against the Employee as an individual.
In addition, Dorian could face unlimited fines, lose the ability to trade in certain jurisdictions, lose business, and/or face legal action by competitors, litigation and/or substantial investigation expenses. Dorian could also suffer damage to its corporate reputation.
Accordingly, Dorian views any actual or attempted act of Bribery or Corruption very seriously. A breach of this Policy may result in disciplinary action, including immediate termination of the Employee’s employment. Where a case is referred to a law enforcement agency or any internal investigation is required, Dorian expects the employee to fully cooperate with any internal investigation. The Company views failure to cooperate in an internal review as a breach of your obligations to the Company, and may deal with this failure severely and in accordance with any local laws or regulations. The Company will co-operate fully with any criminal investigation which could lead to Employees being prosecuted.
4. Primary Areas of Risk
4.1 Red Flags
In light of the severe consequences of bribery or corruption violations, it is imperative that all Dorian Employees and Third Parties remain alert and cognizant of “red flags” that might provide advance warning of potential violations. Such “red flags” may include, but are not limited to:
- Inflated or unusually large commissions or bonus payments;
- Requests for inexplicably large payments in cash or in bearer instruments;
- Payments through a Third Party or to an account in an off-shore or unrelated third country;
- Requests that payments be made to an unknown Third Party, be split among multiple accounts, be made to an account other than where the Third Party or agent is located or business is to be performed or any other unusual financial arrangement;
- False invoices or over-invoicing for Company or related services;
- Lack of transparency in expenses and accounting records;
- Lack of sufficient due diligence in the vetting or request for proposal for any new vendor or service provider or lack of Know Your Customer checks on potential customers;
- Frequent business dealings with foreign Public Officials, especially where government approval or bid granting is involved;
- Use of consultants or agents to interact with foreign Public Officials;
- Offering entertainment or gift expenses to foreign Public Officials, whether or not as part of legitimate business travel;
- Payment of fees for obtaining permits, visas, or licenses;
- A Third Party whose qualifications include personal relationships with Public Officials, Directors, Officers, or Employees of the Company;
- A Third Party’s apparent lack of qualifications or resources to perform services offered;
- A Third Party who relies heavily on political or government contacts instead of technical skills or time invested;
- Any refusal or hesitancy by a Third Party to enter into a written agreement containing representations and warranties to refrain from violations of the anti-bribery legislation or a refusal by any such party to explain or account for expenditures of Company funds entrusted to them;
- Inadequate oversight over subsidiaries and personnel in any country;
- A history, culture or pattern of systemic corruption in a country;
- Involvement of an industry that is heavily regulated by or dependent on foreign governments;
- Previous instances of improper payments;
- A Public Official recommends that Dorian hire a specific Third Party;
- Any Employee manipulating a relationship with a vendor for the benefit of themselves or intended benefit of another party associated with the Employee;
- Upon checking references, you find that a potential Third Party has an unsavory reputation, a criminal record or is not well known in the industry; or
- Repeated use of a Third Party for business without any reasonable justification for such repeated
4.2 Gifts, Entertainment, and Travel Expenses
All Employees of the Company must comply with this Policy, in addition to the provisions of state and federal law governing the giving and receiving of gifts.
4.2.1 Gift, Entertainment, and Travel Expenses Given on behalf of the Company:
Dorian Employees and Third Parties are permitted to pay or give as applicable reasonable gifts, entertainment and travel expenses to others on behalf of Dorian only if they are:
- Reasonable and not frequent or lavish (compared to normal transactions in similar circumstances);
- Offered in good faith and directly related to the promotion or demonstration of Dorian’s products or services or, in the case of entertainment, they are provided in order to develop business relationships or improve communications regarding company business;
- Provided for a purpose other than to induce the recipient to abuse his/her position;
- Free from the purpose, effect or appearance of causing the recipient to do business with Dorian other than based on merit;
- Permitted under Dorian’s policies and procedures, including this Policy;
- Permitted under the rules of the recipient’s employer and legal under the laws of the recipient’s country;
- Not designed to in any way embarrass or harm the reputation of Dorian; and
- Timely and accurately recorded and properly authorized in Dorian’s books and
In all cases, such gifts, entertainment and travel expenses should be avoided if they could create a feeling of obligation, or compromise the Dorian Employee’s or Third Party’s professional judgment or the judgment of the recipient or influence the recipient to do or not do something in favor of Dorian or a Dorian Employee or Third Party. If there is any question with respect to whether a gift, entertainment or travel expense is permissible under this Policy, the Employee or Third Party, as applicable, should contact the Company’s Regional Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy).
Examples of reasonable gifts, entertainment and travel expenses include paying for coach-class airfare and other transportation costs, lodging, meals, entertainment, and token or promotional gifts that bear a company logo and are of only nominal value, in line with and incidental to usual and necessary business activities. It is Company policy to refrain from participating or involvement in activities that could create even an appearance of impropriety in its business activities.
4.2.2 Gifts, Entertainment, and Travel Expenses Received by Company Associates:
Employees may only accept gifts, entertainment or travel expenses if such gift, gift entertainment or travel expense meets the following criteria:
- Reasonable and not frequent or lavish (compared to normal transactions in similar circumstances);
- Provided for a purpose other than to induce the recipient to abuse his/her position;
- Free from the purpose, effect or appearance of causing the recipient to do business with such existing customer, supplier, or vendor other than based on merit;
- Permitted under Dorian’s policies and procedures, including this Policy;
- Permitted under the rules of the existing customer’s, supplier’s, or vendor’s employer and legal under the laws of that country;
- Not designed to in any way embarrass or harm the reputation of Dorian; and
- Timely and accurately recorded and properly authorized in Dorian’s books and
If an Employee receives or accepts a gift, entertainment or travel expense that does not meet the foregoing criteria, such Employee is required to report such gift, entertainment or travel expense to the Company’s Regional Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy).
Promotional items of nominal value, including, for example, calendars or similar items; or items displaying a company logo that are distributed for advertising or commemorative purposes; or gifts of nominal value, including those distributed on customary holidays may generally be accepted. Cash, gift cards or gift checks of any value are not to be accepted in any circumstance and should be reported to the Company’s Regional Executive Management immediately.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in all cases, accepting such gifts, entertainment or travel expenses should be avoided if they could create a feeling of obligation, or compromise the Dorian Employee’s or Third Party’s professional judgment or influence Dorian’s Employees to do or not do something in favor of the existing customer, supplier, or vendor. If there is any question with respect to whether such business expenses or gifts should be recorded, the Employee or Third Party, as applicable, should contact the Company’s Regional Executive Management.
4.2.3 Exception:
This Policy does not apply to gifts that are given or received by the Employee as a member of the public, if such gift is equally offered to or received by members of the public.
4.3 Public Officials
As discussed above, greater care must be taken when dealing with Public Officials than other third parties. Accordingly, as a matter of Company policy, no Employee of Dorian or Third Party may offer, authorize, promise, or give a gift to, or fund entertainment or travel for a Public Official on behalf of Dorian without obtaining prior written authorization from the Company’s Corporate Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy) and:
- The gift, entertainment or travel must satisfy the requirements of this policy including those set forth earlier in this Section 2.
- The gift, entertainment or expense is not part of an effort to influence any act by the Public Official with decision-making authority over a prospective business opportunity;
- The gift, entertainment or expense should only be given if it is customary to do so in the recipient’s country;
- The gift, entertainment or expense must be permissible under the local laws of the country of the Public Official and the regulations and guidelines of the Public Official’s
- Where possible, any gift must be for official use, as opposed to the individual or personal use, of a Public Official to whom it is given.
4.4 Per Diems
Providing a per diem to any Third Party, even if for purely lawful and legitimate purposes, poses an inherent danger that the payment could be misconstrued as a Bribe, or otherwise create an appearance of impropriety or unethical conduct. For these reasons, such payments must be approved in advance by the Company’s Regional Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy).
4.5 Facilitation Payments
Dorian’s policy is that all Employees and Third Parties are prohibited from making Facilitation Payments. Facilitation Payments are payments that may be requested by Public Officials to speed up a routine government action where the Public Official does not exercise any discretion, such as:
- Processing licenses, permits or other official documents;
- Processing government paperwork such as visas and work orders; and
- Providing services such as police protection and mail pick-up and
Although it may be customary or culturally acceptable for Public Officials in some countries to request Facilitation Payments, this does not mean that such payments are legal or legitimate.
If a Dorian Employee or Third Party believes there is a need to pay a legal Facilitation Payment, they must first obtain the express written permission of a member of the Company’s Corporate Executive
Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy) in order to determine whether the payment could be prohibited. A member of the Company’s Corporate Executive Management must review the payment request and provide written approval before any payment can be made to a Public Official.
While Facilitation Payments and Bribes are prohibited, you are not expected to place your life or liberty at risk. If an Employee or Third Party is in a situation where the only reasonable recourse is to pay and there is no opportunity to contact the Company’s Corporate Executive Management in advance, make the payment and report the amount and circumstances immediately upon reaching safety.
In any event, if a Facilitation Payment or any other Bribe is made it must be clearly characterized as such and properly recorded in accordance with Subsection 3.2.1 above (“Books and Recordkeeping”).
4.6 Political and Charitable Donations
To ensure compliance with ABC Laws and legislation, Dorian Employees and Third Parties may not offer, promise, authorize, or make, directly or indirectly, any political contribution or charitable contribution whose amount is inconsistent with past practice or to a new charity that raises Red Flags (see Section 4.1) on behalf of Dorian without obtaining prior written authorization from the Company’s Corporate Executive Management with respect to political donations and Regional Executive Management with respect to charitable donations (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy).
4.7 Third-Party Representatives
Dorian can be held liable for violations of ABC Laws and legislation by Third Parties acting on its behalf. This is a matter of strict liability and the only defense available to Dorian for such a charge would be if it can show that it has carried out adequate due diligence on the Third Party in order to identify, reduce or eliminate the use of Third Parties at risk of Bribery.
As such, great care should be taken in the selection and retention of such Third Party representatives. You must never engage a Third Party to act on Dorian’s behalf if you know or suspect that the person may use or offer all or a portion of the payment directly or indirectly as a Bribe or to induce Corruption or Improper Performance.
Conducting appropriate pre-retention due diligence of agents, consultants, and business partners is crucial to ensuring that the Company reduces or eliminate the engagement of Third Parties who may engage in bribery violations while acting on the Company’s behalf. It is your responsibility to ensure that either you or a proper Dorian Employee carry out such due diligence checks and document all steps and any mitigation of identified “red flags”. This will include a corruption risk assessment of a number of factors, including but not limited to:
- the business purpose for using the Third Party;
- ensuring the applicable contract(s) with the Third Party clearly outline(s) the scope of services;
- the country in which the business is to be conducted;
- the Third Party’s potential business partners;
- whether the Third Party has true and genuine expertise in the field;
- whether the Third Party has a solid reputation and good track record and assessment of the past practices or any negative risk issues associated with the Third Party;
- the nature and risk level of the proposed project or transaction;
- ensuring the applicable contract(s) with the Third Party includes provisions requiring that the Third Party will not engage in conduct that would violate ABC Laws;
- negotiating the right to terminate the applicable contract(s) with the Third Party on reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing; and
- any internal approvals or
Prior to exposing Dorian to any liability or actions of Third Parties, retention of all Third Parties must be pursuant to a written contract – never oral. All paperwork and records that document the due diligence checks, risk assessment, mitigation and the contract of engagement must be retained for six years or other period associated with Dorian’s policy with respect to records management or instructions from the Company’s Regional Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy).
5. Exception Requests or Other Company Assistance
Any person who requests any exception or has a question about this Policy or its application or any proposed transaction should obtain, in advance, any additional guidance from the Company’s Corporate Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy), unless such exception or question relates to a member of the Company’s Corporate Executive Management, in which case such person may submit such exception or question pursuant to the Company’s Whistleblower Policy.
6. Raising Questions or Reporting Concerns
Any Company Employee who has knowledge or reason to suspect or believe that there has been, or will be, a violation of this Policy, is required to report such information to the Company’s Corporate Executive Management (as defined in Section 8 of this Policy) immediately, unless such information relates to a member of the Company’s Corporate Executive Management, in which case the Company Employee may report such information pursuant to the Company’s Whistleblower Policy.
Reports of non-compliance may be made pursuant to the Company’s Whistleblower Policy, as described below, or by using any of the other contact methods outlined in the Code of Ethics. Ultimately, however, the responsibility for adhering to this Policy rests with the individual.
The Company has contracted Issuer Direct, a confidential and secure third party system to facilitate whistleblower reporting for employees, directors, officers, contractors, subcontractors, agents and vendors to raise concerns without fear of retaliation for reports made in good faith. To file a report, please visit the link below, which will direct you to the confidential and secure reporting structure through a choice of a hotline or electronic submission:
https://irdirect.net/LPG/whistleblower_iframe/
No Employee shall be subject to any reprisal or adverse personnel action by reason of having made such a report in good faith.
If you have any other questions or are concerned about something that seems to be in conflict with the law, regulations, the Company Code of Ethics or this Policy, you have several options:
- Contact the Company’s Corporate Executive Management, unless such question or concern relates to a member of the Company’s Corporate Executive Management, in which case you may submit such question or concern pursuant to the Company’s Whistleblower Policy, as described
- All questions or concerns will be handled in as confidential manner as appropriate and allowed by law and will be investigated without
7. Other Policies Which May Apply
The Insider Trading Policy should be considered along with other Company policies that may apply to trading in Company securities, including in particular the Company’s Code of Ethics. Certain policies are available on the Company’s website at www.dorianlpg.com under the “Investor Center – Corporate Governance” tab, and all of the Company’s policies are available on the Company’s intranet site].
NOTE: This Policy is not intended to create any employment relationship or contractual rights in favor of the employee or the Company. Dorian reserves the right to change the terms of this Policy at any time.
8. Additional Definitions
“Corporate Executive Management” shall mean, for purposes of this Policy, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, the Chief Executive Officer of Dorian LPG (USA) LLC, the Corporate Secretary of the
Company and the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, until such time as this Policy may be amended from time to time by the board of directors of the Company. For any action requiring the pre- authorization of Corporate Executive Management under this Policy, two signatures from Corporate Executive Management must be obtained to constitute valid authorization under this Policy.
“Regional Executive Management” shall mean, for purposes of this Policy, the regional head(s) of the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Greece offices of the Company, together with the Corporate Executive Management of the Company, until such time as this Policy may be amended from time to time by the board of directors of the Company. For any action requiring the pre-authorization of Regional Executive Management under this Policy, two signatures from Regional Executive Management must be obtained to constitute valid authorization under this Policy. For example, an exception requested by Denmark can be approved by the head of Denmark and the head of the UK.